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In Australia, Brazil, Canada, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and United States a total of 101 MBCAs has been registered in 2017 for disease control ( van Lenteren et al., 2018).
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Also mycoviruses and bacteriophages can be potential MBCAs against plant pathogens. Legally speaking these compounds are considered chemical actives in the EU. In some cases, antimicrobial metabolites produced by selected microbial organisms are included in the product, and some products even contain only antimicrobial metabolites without living cells of the antagonist ( Glare et al., 2012). For commercial augmentative biological control of diseases, growers use MBCAs containing living microorganisms, that are registered plant protection products produced by biocontrol companies. Application of such selected and mass produced antagonists in high densities once or several times during a growing season is called “augmentative biological control” ( Eilenberg et al., 2001 Heimpel and Mills, 2017 van Lenteren et al., 2018). Amongst beneficial microorganisms isolates can be selected which are highly effective against pathogens and can be multiplied on artificial media. Introduction: Microbial Biological Control Agentsīiological control of plant diseases is the suppression of populations of plant pathogens by living organisms ( Heimpel and Mills, 2017).
#MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS PPT REGISTRATION#
The nature of the mode of action of antagonists requires a rethinking of data requirements for the registration of MBCAs. Currently, risks of microbial metabolites involved in antagonistic modes of action are often assessed similar to assessments of single molecule fungicides. Such ubiquitous metabolites involved in natural, complex, highly regulated interactions between microbial cells and/or plants are not relevant for risk assessments.
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However, in most cases antimicrobial metabolites are produced by antagonists directly on the spot where the targeted organism is harmful. Risks assessments for MBCAs are relevant if they contain antimicrobial metabolites at effective concentration in the product. Screening of MBCAs in bioassays on plants or plant tissues has the advantage that MBCAs with multiple modes of action and their combinations potentially can be detected whereas simplified assays on nutrient media strongly bias the selection toward in vitro production of antimicrobial metabolites which may not be responsible for in situ antagonism. Preferences for certain modes of action for an envisaged application of a MBCA also have impact on the screening methods used to select new microbials. Also understanding the mode of action is important to be able to characterize possible risks for humans or the environment and risks for resistance development against the MBCA. Understanding the mode of action of MBCAs is essential to achieve optimum disease control. The potential of microorganisms to produce such a compound in vitro does not necessarily correlate with their in situ antagonism. Compounds involved such as signaling compounds, enzymes and other interfering metabolites are produced in situ at low concentrations during interaction. Such interactions are highly regulated cascades of metabolic events, often combining different modes of action. Antagonists acting through hyperparasitism and antibiosis are directly interfering with the pathogen. Other MBCAs act via nutrient competition or other mechanisms modulating the growth conditions for the pathogen.
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Some MBCAs interact with plants by inducing resistance or priming plants without any direct interaction with the targeted pathogen. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) are applied to crops for biological control of plant pathogens where they act via a range of modes of action.